The rise of American consumerism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries can be largely attributed to several interrelated factors, including:
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Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration, and Trust-Friendly Policies: The consolidation of industries through vertical and horizontal integration enabled companies to control production and distribution, leading to economies of scale and reduced prices for consumers. Trust-friendly policies, often allowing monopolies to thrive, further encouraged the growth of large corporations that could mass-produce goods, making them more accessible to the general public.
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Gold in the West, the Relocation of Native Americans, Manifest Destiny: The discovery of gold and the subsequent westward expansion fueled economic growth and contributed to a greater availability of resources. This movement often involved the displacement of Native Americans, which allowed settlers and businesses to exploit new territories, further boosting the economy and consumer markets.
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Immigration, Labor Unions, Workers' Rights: A massive influx of immigrants, particularly during the late 19th century, provided a large labor pool that fueled industrial growth. As workers began to organize for better conditions, wages, and rights, they also gained increased disposable income, contributing to a rise in consumer spending.
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Advertisement, Department Stores, Being Able to Buy Things on Credit: Advances in advertising helped create demand for a wide variety of products, while the emergence of department stores provided a centralized location for consumers to shop. The advent of credit systems allowed consumers to purchase items without immediate payment, encouraging spending and accumulating debt, which fueled further consumerism.
Overall, these factors combined to create an environment where consumer goods were not just necessities but objects of desire, shaping the American economy and culture.