Here are the answers to each question based on the information provided:
- The solar radiation that reaches Earth: Solar energy
- The production of energy from light: Photovoltaic
- Hydrogen atoms compress and fuse into helium: Nuclear fusion
- The shrinking and compression of gases, caused by gravity: Gravitational contraction
- The amount of energy produced per unit of time by a star: Luminosity
- Occurs when compression due to gravity is balanced by outward pressure from the Sun’s core: Hydrostatic equilibrium
- Conduction occurs in solids as energy transfers from atom to atom or molecule to molecule: Conduction
- Occurs in liquids or gases when atoms move from one location to another: Convection
- The movement of energy as waves through great distances without having the particles closely packed together: Radiation
- The deepest layer of the Sun’s atmosphere: Photosphere
- The layer just above the photosphere, and below the corona: Chromosphere
- The highest part of the Sun’s atmosphere: Corona
- The emission of high-speed protons and electrons: Solar wind
- Dark regions that appear when hot gases cool during the convection process: Sunspots
- Loop or arc of glowing gas extending from the photosphere into the corona: Prominence
- An eruption on the Sun’s surface: Solar flare
- An educated explanation of something but without real proof: Hypothesis
- Small rocky objects orbiting the Sun mostly between Mars and Jupiter, although some have passed close to Earth: Asteroids
- Similar to asteroids but smaller: Meteoroids
- Objects made of ice and dust and having a “tail” that points away from the Sun: Comets
- Small and dense, with rocky surfaces and a great deal of metals in their core: Terrestrial planets
- Much larger and made up of gases: Jovian planets
- Orbits the Sun, is large enough to be a spherical shape, but not large enough to have cleared away other objects of a similar size near its orbit: Dwarf planets
Feel free to ask if you need more clarification or information!