The rise of the nation-state in Europe most directly challenged the power of

Question

A. Clovis
B. the eastern roman empire
C. the western Roman empire
D. the papacy

Answer 1

The rise of the nation-state in Europe most directly challenged the power of D. the papacy.

As nation-states began to emerge during the late medieval period and into the Renaissance, they started to assert their sovereignty and authority, often in conflict with the religious and political authority of the papacy. This shift in power dynamics led to significant events such as the Reformation, where national churches and secular rulers challenged the Pope's influence over religious and state matters.