The nucleus being filled with positively charged particles, or more specifically, the discovery of the nucleus itself was proposed by Ernest Rutherford in 1911 as a result of his gold foil experiment. This discovery came after J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron in 1897 but before James Chadwick's discovery of the neutron in 1932 and Niels Bohr's development of the Bohr model of the atom in 1913.
Therefore, the correct timeline is: After Thomson but before Chadwick.