The Harlem Renaissance
Library of Congress
The Harlem Renaissance, also known as the New Negro Movement, was a period of great cultural activity and innovation among African American artists and writers, one that saw new artists and landmark works appear in the fields of literature, dance, art, and music. The participants were all fiercely individualistic talents, and not all of them
saw themselves as being part of a movement. But in time writers such as Countee Cullen and Langston Hughes; painters like Jacob Lawrence and Romare Bearden; and musicians and composers such as Duke Ellington and Bessie Smith became widely known as members of the Harlem Renaissance.
Much of the foundation of the Harlem Renaissance was laid by earlier generations of African American educators, students, and intellectuals. In the decades following the Civil War, many racial barriers to education were removed, and African Americans took advantage of the new educational opportunities in great numbers. Dozens of African
American colleges and universities were founded, and African American professors and other intellectuals took increasingly public roles. By the early 1900s, intellectual leaders like W.E.B. DuBois and James Weldon Johnson were writing, lecturing, and being published in journals such as Crisis and The Messenger.
At the same time, African Americans were moving in huge numbers from the South to northern industrial cities, like New York, where
they could find work and escape some of the institutionalized discrimination and mistreatment caused by the South’s Jim Crow laws. Innovative young African American writers, painters, and musicians began gathering in a number of neighborhoods in Manhattan, including Harlem and Greenwich Village, working together and developing new ideas, and in the years after World War I they gained national attention.
Question
Which phrase is most closely associated with the word "institutionalized" in this passage?
Responses
A "caused by the South’s Jim Crow laws""caused by the South’s Jim Crow laws"
B "working together and developing new ideas""working together and developing new ideas"
C "African Americans were moving in huge numbers from the South to northern industrial cities""African Americans were moving in huge numbers from the South to northern industrial cities"
D "Innovative young African American writers, painters, and musicians began gathering in a number of neighborhoods"
1 answer
1 answer