The first movements of Classical concertos, sonatas, string quartets, and symphonies typically follow a specific structure that is characteristic of the Classical period. Here’s a brief overview of each:
1. Concerto
The first movement of a Classical concerto is usually in sonata form and features a solo instrument accompanied by an orchestra. The typical structure is:
- Exposition: The main themes are introduced, with the soloist often playing the second theme in a different key.
- Development: The themes are developed and explored, leading to varying modulations.
- Recapitulation: The original themes return, now both the orchestra and soloist may present them, usually in the home key.
- Cadenza: Often, the movement concludes with an improvised solo passage by the soloist before the final orchestral passage.
2. Sonata
The first movement of a sonata similarly adheres to sonata form. The structure is as follows:
- Exposition: Contains two contrasting themes. The first theme is in the home key, while the second is in a related key (often the dominant).
- Development: The themes are manipulated and transformed through various keys, creating tension.
- Recapitulation: The themes return, typically both in the home key, resolving the tension from the development.
3. String Quartet
Like the sonata, the first movement of a string quartet is also commonly in sonata form. The structure follows:
- Exposition: Two themes presented by the players, with the key relationship similar to that in sonatas.
- Development: The themes are explored and combined in different ways and keys.
- Recapitulation: The return of the original themes usually in the home key, bringing closure to the movement.
4. Symphony
The first movement of a symphony typically follows the same sonata form as above. The characteristics include:
- Exposition: The themes are stated by the full orchestra.
- Development: Elaborate development using orchestral textures and harmonies to explore the themes.
- Recapitulation: The return of the themes, often with some variations in orchestration or development.
Summary
Across these forms, the first movement generally emphasizes clarity, balance, and thematic development, which are hallmarks of the Classical style. While there are variations and exceptions, sonata form remains the foundational structure for the first movements of concertos, sonatas, string quartets, and symphonies during the Classical era.