The equation of ∆Tf and ∆Tb

Answer 1

The equations for calculating the freezing point depression (∆Tf) and boiling point elevation (∆Tb) are given by the following formulas:

∆Tf = kf * m
∆Tb = kb * m

Where:
- ∆Tf represents the change in freezing point
- ∆Tb represents the change in boiling point
- kf is the molal freezing point depression constant (different for each solvent)
- kb is the molal boiling point elevation constant (different for each solvent)
- m is the molality of the solute (moles of solute per kilogram of solvent)

These equations can be used to calculate the change in freezing point (∆Tf) and boiling point (∆Tb) when a nonvolatile solute is added to a solvent.