The edema present in Howard’s lungs and extremities indicates the presence of excess fluid in the body. Which of the following signals are associated with retention of fluid? Select all that apply.

Question

Decreased ADH
Increased aldosterone
Decreased angiotensin
Increased natriuretic peptide
Increased renin

Answer 1

Fluid retention in the body is typically associated with increased levels of certain hormones that promote fluid conservation and sodium retention. Let's examine the options provided:

1. Decreased ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone): This would actually lead to decreased fluid retention, as ADH promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys. Not associated with fluid retention.

2. Increased aldosterone: Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, which leads to water retention and increased blood volume. Associated with fluid retention.

3. Decreased angiotensin: Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates aldosterone release, so decreased levels would not promote fluid retention. Not associated with fluid retention.

4. Increased natriuretic peptide: Natriuretic peptides promote the excretion of sodium and water (natriuresis), opposing fluid retention. Not associated with fluid retention.

5. Increased renin: Renin initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which ultimately promotes fluid retention through increased angiotensin and aldosterone. Associated with fluid retention.

Based on this analysis, the signals associated with retention of fluid are:

• Increased aldosterone
• Increased renin