The early river valley civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia developed governments that were ruled by a combination of monarchs and priestly authority. In Egypt, pharaohs held absolute power and were viewed as divine rulers, believed to be gods on earth who maintained order and harmony, known as Ma'at. They exerted control over the state, economy, and religion.
In Mesopotamia, governance was often represented through city-states, each ruled by kings who claimed divine favor. Priests held significant power as well, particularly in managing religious practices and temples, which were central to the city's economy and social structure. The intertwining of religious and political authority in both civilizations helped to maintain stability and social order.