The color of a stop sign is an example of a categorical variable (or qualitative variable) because it describes a quality or characteristic.
Drink sizes is an example of a(n) ordinal variable if the sizes have a natural order (like small, medium, large), or it could also be considered a categorical variable if the sizes are considered different categories without an inherent order.
The number of pets a person has is an example of a discrete variable because it represents countable quantities (you can have 0, 1, 2 pets, and so on).
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