summarize this(3 sentences) : High frequency nonionizing electromagnetic fields (HF-EMF) that are increasingly present in the environment constitute a genuine environmental stimulus able to evoke specific responses in plants that share many similarities with those observed after a stressful treatment. Plants constitute an outstanding model to study such interactions since their architecture (high surface area to volume ratio) optimizes their interaction with the environment. In the present review, after identifying the main exposure devices (transverse and gigahertz electromagnetic cells, wave guide, and mode stirred reverberating chamber) and general physics laws that govern EMF interactions with plants, we illustrate some of the observed responses after exposure to HF-EMF at the cellular, molecular, and whole plant scale. Indeed, numerous metabolic activities (reactive oxygen species metabolism, α- and β-amylase, Krebs cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, chlorophyll content, terpene emission, etc.) are modified, gene expression altered (calmodulin, calcium-dependent protein kinase, and proteinase inhibitor), and growth reduced (stem elongation and dry weight) after low power (i.e., nonthermal) HF-EMF exposure. These changes occur not only in the tissues directly exposed but also systemically in distant tissues. While the long-term impact of these metabolic changes remains largely unknown, we propose to consider nonionizing HF-EMF radiation as a noninjurious, genuine environmental factor that readily evokes changes in plant metabolism.

Answer 1

High frequency nonionizing electromagnetic fields (HF-EMF) in the environment provoke specific stress-like responses in plants, making them suitable for studying such interactions due to their high surface area to volume ratio. This review identifies various exposure devices and outlines the physical laws governing EMF interactions, highlighting modifications in metabolic activities, gene expression, and growth reduction in plants following exposure to HF-EMF. While the long-term effects of these changes are not well understood, the study suggests that nonionizing HF-EMF radiation should be recognized as a genuine environmental factor impacting plant metabolism.