The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, flourished around 2500 BCE in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. It was one of the world's earliest urban cultures and is noted for its advanced city planning, including grid layouts, sophisticated drainage systems, and impressive architecture with standardized baked bricks. Major cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa had elaborate public baths and granaries, suggesting a high degree of social organization and trade.
The civilization thrived due to its agricultural productivity, supported by irrigation from the Indus River. While the Indus Valley people are known for their writing system and trade networks, much about their language, governmental structure, and cultural practices remains unknown due to the undeciphered script.
The decline around 1900 BCE is attributed to various factors, including climate change, ecological degradation, and potential invasions. Despite its mystery, the Indus Valley Civilization laid foundational aspects for future cultures in the region and demonstrated advanced urban living and societal organization during its time.