The most likely explanation for the results is:
• Naveed's object had greater kinetic energy.
This is because the depth of the hole made in the sand (4.0 cm for Naveed compared to 1.8 cm for Maddie) suggests that Naveed’s object impacted the sand with more force, which can be attributed to greater kinetic energy upon impact. Kinetic energy is influenced by both the mass of the object and its velocity; thus, if Naveed's object had greater kinetic energy, it would have resulted in a deeper hole in the sand.