Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, typically a protein. The first step is transcription, where the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. After transcription, the mRNA undergoes processing, which includes splicing, capping, and adding a poly-A tail, to prepare it for translation. The processed mRNA is then translated into a protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules help assemble the corresponding amino acids in the correct order according to the mRNA sequence. Finally, the newly synthesized protein undergoes folding and post-translational modifications, which are crucial for its functionality and regulation in the cell.
Starting with DNA and ending with proteins, list and describe the process of gene expression.
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