South America is a continent in the Western Hemisphere that includes the nations of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

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South America is the fourth largest continent and is situated mainly in the Western Hemisphere, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The continent comprises the following sovereign nations:

1. Argentina - The second-largest country in South America, known for its vast Pampas, tango music, and diverse landscapes.

2. Bolivia - A landlocked country that features a mix of indigenous cultures, with significant portions of the Andes Mountains and the Amazon rainforest.

3. Chile - A long, narrow country stretching along the western edge of South America, known for its diverse geography, including deserts, mountains, and coastlines.

4. Colombia - Located in the northwest, Colombia is recognized for its rich biodiversity, coffee production, and vibrant culture.

5. Ecuador - Known for the Galápagos Islands and its equatorial location, Ecuador features a diverse range of ecosystems, including the Andes and the Amazon rainforest.

6. French Guiana - An overseas department of France, it is located on the northeastern coast and is known for its tropical rainforest and the Guiana Space Centre.

7. Guyana - Positioned in the northeastern part of the continent, Guyana is characterized by its coastal plains and densely forested interior.

8. Paraguay - A landlocked nation bordered by Argentina, Brazil, and Bolivia, known for its history, indigenous cultures, and unique ecosystems.

9. Peru - Home to a portion of the Amazon rainforest and the Andes mountains, Peru is famous for its archaeological sites, including Machu Picchu.

10. Suriname - The smallest country in South America, Suriname is noted for its rainforests and cultural diversity, with Dutch as its official language.

11. Uruguay - A small country bordered by Brazil and the Atlantic Ocean, known for its beaches, gaucho culture, and progressive social policies.

12. Venezuela - Rich in natural resources, particularly oil, Venezuela is known for its diverse landscapes, ranging from Andes mountains to Caribbean coastlines.

The continent is also home to a range of ecosystems, rich biodiversity, and a tapestry of cultures reflecting its indigenous, colonial, and immigrant histories. South America plays a significant role in global affairs, particularly in agriculture, natural resources, and environmental conservation.