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The cell cycle consists of four main phases: G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), G2 (Gap 2), and M (Mitosis).
1. G1 phase: This is the first phase of the cell cycle in which the cell grows in size and prepares for DNA replication. The cell checks for any damage to its DNA and decides whether to continue or undergo cell division. If the cell is healthy, it progresses to the next phase. During this phase, the cell performs its normal functions and metabolic activities.
2. S phase: In this phase, DNA replication occurs. The cell synthesizes a copy of its DNA so that each daughter cell can receive a complete set during cell division. The chromosomes are duplicated, resulting in two identical chromatids held together by a centromere.
3. G2 phase: Following DNA replication, the cell enters G2 phase. This phase involves further growth and preparation for cell division. The cell continues synthesizing proteins and organelles needed for the upcoming division. It also checks if the DNA replication occurred properly and repairs any damaged DNA before entering the next phase.
4. M phase: The M phase is the final phase of the cell cycle and consists of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is the actual cell division, where the duplicated chromosomes are evenly separated into two identical sets, forming two daughter nuclei. This process involves several stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Finally, in cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides, and two daughter cells are formed with an equal distribution of cell organelles and cytoplasm. Each daughter cell then enters the G1 phase to start the cycle again.
Overall, the cell cycle ensures that cells grow, replicate their DNA accurately, and divide to form new cells.
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