The correct response to the question is:
Women from both royal courts exercised significant control of court politics outside of public view.
This reflects the influence that dowager empresses and imperial women had in both the Han and Roman empires, particularly in periods of decline when male rulers may have been weaker or more reliant on the support of their families. These women often played crucial roles in political decisions and maneuvering, even if their power was not formalized or publicly acknowledged.