Select the most appropriate study design for each of the following questions. (Note: All study design options may not be used and each design option can be used more than once.
1. A study is done to examine the association between a mother’s education and risk of a congenital heart defect in her offspring. The investigator enrolls a group of mothers of babies with birth defects and a group of mothers of babies without birth defects. The mothers are then asked a series of questions about their education.
Case series Case-control study Nested case-control study Prospective cohort study Retrospective cohort study Randomized clinical trial Cross-sectional study Ecological study Case cohort study
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2. 2. A study on the association of coffee consumption and performance on a memory test randomly assigns half of the enrolled subjects to drink coffee one hour before taking the memory test and the other half to not drink coffee one hour before taking the memory test.
Case series Case-control study Nested case-control study Prospective cohort study Retrospective cohort study Randomized clinical trial Cross-sectional study Ecological study Case cohort study
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3. 3. A study examining the association between meat consumption and heart disease compares the average number of kilograms of meat consumed per person for 50 different countries to the incidence rate of heart disease in the same 50 countries.
Case series Case-control study Nested case-control study Prospective cohort study Retrospective cohort study Randomized clinical trial Cross-sectional study Ecological study Case cohort study
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4. 4. An investigator enrolls a group of healthy individuals and distributes questionnaires to collect information on sex and blood type. The investigator then examines the association between sex and blood type.
Case series Case-control study Nested case-control study Prospective cohort study Retrospective cohort study Randomized clinical trial Cross-sectional study Ecological study Case cohort study
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5. 5. A study describes a group of hospital patients all of whom suffer from migraine with aura and experienced an ischemic stroke.
Case series Case-control study Nested case-control study Prospective cohort study Retrospective cohort study Randomized clinical trial Cross-sectional study Ecological study Case cohort study
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6. 6. A study recruits a group of college graduates. At the time of recruitment, participants provide a blood sample that is immediately stored and they complete a questionnaire about lifestyle behaviors. The participants are followed over time to see who develops Parkinson’s Disease. Two studies are performed. Classify each study.
a) In one study, the researchers compare people reporting regular physical activity to those who are sedentary.
Case series Case-control study Nested case-control study Prospective cohort study Retrospective cohort study Randomized clinical trial Cross-sectional study Ecological study Case cohort study
b) In another study, the stored blood sample for each case is compared to the blood sample for a non-case that was alive and at risk on the day that the case was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. The blood samples are analyzed to see if serum levels of Vitamin D are associated with the risk of developing Parkinson’s disease.
Case series Case-control study Nested case-control study Prospective cohort study Retrospective cohort study Randomized clinical trial Cross-sectional study Ecological study Case cohort study
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7. 7. A researcher uses a database of medical records to identify a group of retired factory workers. He reviews each person’s medical records to follow their factory exposures over time and see which of these subjects has developed skin cancer in the past 25 years.
Case series Case-control study Nested case-control study Prospective cohort study Retrospective cohort study Randomized clinical trial Cross-sectional study Ecological study Case cohort study
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