Researchers investigated the effects of encoding conditions on subsequent memory for a list of words. Participants were assigned to one of three encoding conditions: 1) saw list of nouns they were asked to remember (word alone condition), 2) list of words was accompanied by a picture (word + picture condition), or 3) list of words was accompanied by sound effects matching the object (sound-effects condition). A week later, researchers measured the proportion of words that participants got correct on a word recognition test. The researchers analyzed the data using an ANOVA, which resulted in the following:
Analysis of Variance for Encoding Conditions
Group: DF 2, SS .177, MS .089, F 13.129, P 0.000
Error: DF 9, SS .061, MS .007
Total: DF 11 SS .238
Using this information, we can conclude that:
a. the data provide strong evidence that subsequent memory for words are related to encoding conditions.
b. the data provide strong evidence that subsequent memory for words are related to encoding conditions in the following way: The proportion of words remembered by people who are in the sound-effects condition is higher than the proportion of words remembered by people who are in the word + picture condition, which in turn is higher than the proportion of words remembered by people who are in word alone condition.
c. the data provide strong evidence that the three word proportion scores (representing the three encoding conditions) are all equal.
d. the data do not provide sufficient evidence that subsequent memory for words is related to encoding conditions.
I think the answer is A.