What Is Robotics?
1 Robotics is the study of robots. Robots are machines that can be used to do jobs. Some robots can do work by themselves. Other robots must always have a person telling them what to do.
How Does NASA Use Robots?
2 NASA uses robots in many different ways. Robotic arms on spacecraft are used to move very large objects in space. Spacecraft that visit other worlds are robots that can do work by themselves. People send them commands. The robots then follow those commands. This type of robot includes the rovers that explore the surface of Mars. Robotic airplanes can fly without a pilot aboard. NASA is researching new types of robots that will work with people and help them.
What Are Robotic Arms?
3 NASA uses robotic arms to move large objects in space. The space shuttle's "Canadarm" robot arm first flew on the shuttle's second mission in 1981. The International Space Station is home to the larger Canadarm2. The space shuttle has used its arm for many jobs. It could be used to release or recover satellites. For example, the arm has been used to grab the Hubble Space Telescope on five different repair missions. The shuttle and space station arms work together to help build the station. The robotic arms have been used to move new parts of the station into place. The arms also can be used to move astronauts around the station on spacewalks. The space station's arm can move to different parts of the station. It moves along the outside of the station like an inchworm, attached at one end at a time. It also has a robotic "hand" named Dextre that can do smaller jobs. An astronaut or someone in Mission Control must control these robotic arms. The astronaut uses controllers that look like joysticks used to play video games to move the arm around.
How Do Robots Explore Other Worlds?
4 Robots help NASA explore the solar system and the universe. Spacecraft that explore other worlds, like the moon or Mars, are all robotic. These robots include rovers and landers on the surface of other planets. The Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity are examples of this kind of robot. Other robotic spacecraft fly by or orbit other worlds and study them from space. Cassini, the spacecraft that studies Saturn and its moons and rings, is this type of robot. The Voyager and Pioneer spacecraft now traveling outside Earth's solar system are also robots.
5 Unlike the robotic arm on the space station, these robots are autonomous. That means they can work by themselves. They follow the commands people send. People use computers and powerful antennas to send messages to the spacecraft. The robots have antennas that receive the messages and transfer the commands telling them what to do into their computers. Then the robot will follow the commands.
How Does NASA Use Robotic Airplanes?
6 NASA uses many airplanes called UAVs. UAV stands for unmanned aerial vehicle. These planes do not carry pilots aboard them. Some UAVs are flown by remote control by pilots on the ground. Others can fly themselves, with only simple directions. UAVs provide many benefits. The planes can study dangerous places without risking human life. For example, UAVs might be used to take pictures of a volcano. A UAV also could fly for a very long time without the need to land. Since they do not carry a pilot, UAVs also can be smaller or more lightweight than they would with a person aboard.
How Can Robots Help Astronauts?
7 NASA is developing new robots that could help people in space. For example, one of these ideas is called Robonaut. Robonaut looks like the upper body of a person. It has a chest, head and arms. Robonaut could work outside a spacecraft, performing tasks like an astronaut on a spacewalk. With wheels or another way of moving, Robonaut also could work on the moon, or another world. Robonaut could work alongside astronauts and help them.
8 Another robot idea is called SPHERES. These are small robots that look a little like soccer balls. The current SPHERES are being used on the space station to test how well they can move in microgravity. Someday, similar robots could fly around inside the station helping astronauts.
9 NASA also is studying the possibility of other robots. For example, a small version of the station's robotic arm could be used inside the station. A robot like that might help in an emergency. If an astronaut were seriously hurt, a doctor on Earth could control the robotic arm to perform surgery. This technology could help on Earth, as well. Doctors could use their expertise to help people in remote locations.
10 Robots also can be used as scouts to check out new areas to be explored. Scout robots can take photographs and measure the terrain. This helps scientists and engineers make better plans for exploring. Scout robots can be used to look for dangers and to find the best places to walk, drive or stop. This helps astronauts work more safely and quickly. Having humans and robots work together makes it easier to study other worlds.
"What is Robotics?" NASA. Public domain.
Question 1
Part A
Which best describes the overall structure of the passage?
Responses
The author presents a claim followed by a counterclaim.
The author presents a claim followed by a counterclaim.
The author states a central idea with sub-topics related to the central idea.
The author states a central idea with sub-topics related to the central idea.
The author explains a series of actions, reactions, and consequences.
The author explains a series of actions, reactions, and consequences.
The author describes a problem and lists possible solutions to the problem.
The author describes a problem and lists possible solutions to the problem.
Question 2
Part B
How do paragraphs 4–5 contribute to the structure in Part A?
Responses
They describe the claims made by NASA for how it uses robotics to explore beyond our universe.
They describe the claims made by NASA for how it uses robotics to explore beyond our universe.
They provide examples of the repercussions that followed NASA's actions.
They provide examples of the repercussions that followed NASA's actions.
They explain what rovers and landers are and what these robots do to further exploration.
They explain what rovers and landers are and what these robots do to further exploration.
They introduce the resolution to the problem of continually needing new technology for space exploration.
They introduce the resolution to the problem of continually needing new technology for space exploration.
1 answer
Question 1 - Part A
The best description of the overall structure of the passage is:
The author states a central idea with sub-topics related to the central idea.
Question 2 - Part B
The contribution of paragraphs 4–5 to the structure in Part A is:
They explain what rovers and landers are and what these robots do to further exploration.
1 answer
1 answer
1 answer
1 answer