READ THE FOLLOWING article ARE THE EVERGLADES FOREVER?

Question

“Snakes,” Indiana Jones hisses through his teeth as he looks into a giant underground
cavern. The floor of the pit is moving—thousands of snakes wriggling and writhing over one
another. “Why did it have to be snakes?”
It’s a famous scene from the movie “Raiders of the Lost Ark,” in which the main
character is confronted by his worst fear. It’s just a movie, but the nightmarish slithering mass
is becoming something of a reality in the Florida Everglades. The Everglades, a famous region
in Southern Florida, are a wetland ecosystem home to tropical and marshland plant and
animal species. The Everglades are a protected national park, but that doesn’t mean that
they’re immune to harm. And guess what is one of the most recent and dangerous threats to
the ecosystem? Indiana Jones, beware—it is snakes, and they’re big ones.
Reports from just over a year ago say that thousands of pythons have been making their
homes in the Everglades at the expense of the native (natural to the area) species. Pythons
and anacondas aren’t normal inhabitants of the Florida ecosystem; the ones that have taken
over the Everglades are ex-pets and their offspring. While it may seem cool that an exotic pet
can survive on its own in an unfamiliar environment, these animals are unwelcome visitors.
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Are the Everglades Forever?
They’ve managed to upset the natural food chain so drastically that the Everglades are starting
to seem a little bit like Indiana Jones’s dreaded snake pit. Besides being creepy, an ecosystem
overrun by pythons is unhealthy.
There’s a lot to consider when talking about the health of an ecosystem and to better
understand how scientists measure that, it’s helpful to know what some of the buzzwords are.
For starters, an ecosystem is defined as a community, characterized by the types of things
(plants and animals) that live there; the type of environment around them; and the ways in
which they all interact. There are ocean ecosystems, mountain ecosystems, rainforest
ecosystems, desert ecosystems and even city ecosystems.
Within those systems, one of the main ways in which animals interact is in the constant
search for food. The common term is “food chain,” and it’s a simple way to see how different
species rely on one another. An example of a food chain is this: a rabbit eats grass, a snake
comes along and eats the rabbit, and a hawk dives down to eat the snake. Food chains can get
much longer and more complicated, though, resembling webs more than linear chains. The
word commonly used to describe the relative number of different species in an ecosystem is
“biodiversity,” and the more biodiversity within the ecosystem, the more complex the food
web.
Biodiversity is a good thing. Having many different kinds of plants and animals means
that species have different choices for survival. If the simple food chain mentioned above was
the only possible choice for the animals involved—if, for instance, snakes could only eat
rabbits, and hawks could only eat snakes—then both snakes and hawks would die out, should
the rabbit population drop because of an outside factor, like disease. Biodiversity strengthens
an ecosystem by ensuring lots of options for hungry animals, from hawks on down to rabbits.
A healthy ecosystem is one in which its plants and animals work in harmony. There are
no drastic spikes in the populations of any one species, or drops in another. A large number of
different species (a great biodiversity) is one indicator of an ecosystem’s health. Remarkably,
biodiversity is not necessarily dependent upon the size of the ecosystem; some of the richest
ecosystems in the world exist within narrow boundaries (sections of the Amazon rainforest,
for example, and the Galapagos Islands). These ecosystems might be relatively small, but
besides threat from destructive human behavior, they’re strong because of their biodiversity;
each species is connected to the other in some way.
© 2013 ReadWorks®
, Inc. All rights reserved.
Are the Everglades Forever?
If a healthy ecosystem is one that is home to many different species, mostly native to
the area and all interdependent upon one another, what’s an example of an unhealthy
ecosystem? Flashback to Florida; let’s take a closer look at the Everglades. The invasive (not
original to a specific environment) pythons and anacondas mentioned earlier are a huge
problem—literally. These reptiles can reach lengths of up to 20 feet, which is longer than three
adult men lying head-to-toe. At such a size, they have few natural predators, so their numbers
grow with little to keep them under control. The snakes compete with alligators for food, even
making a meal of a gator once in a while. They’ve crippled the Everglades’ populations of
opossums, rabbits, bobcats and foxes, thus dominating the food web to such a degree that
there’s not much of a web anymore.
Invasive pythons aren’t the only non-native species that threaten the Everglades
ecosystem. There are invasive plants too, hurting the balance of the Everglades, not only
choking out native species (some vine-like plants actually grow over original trees and plants),
but growing so thick that they block water flow and movement of animals.
Why should humans worry about the Everglades? The loss of the area’s biodiversity
doesn’t just hurt the plants and animals that originally made their homes there. Humans have
benefited from the Everglades in many ways, from the creation of park and tourism jobs to the
water supply that keeps the cities and agriculture of Southern Florida running. If the wetlands
suffer, so do humans.
A damaged ecosystem is not hopeless, however. Living things, both as individuals and as
systems, have resilience (the ability to recover from harm), and can bounce back from
damaging situations, especially if they have some help cleaning up the mess. In the case of the
Everglades, people are already beginning to work on stopping and reversing the problems that
threaten the life of the ecosystem with hopes for a healthier future. For example, people are
spreading the word against disposing unwanted pets, such as pythons, in the wild. They warn
others about the consequences of releasing these animals in the wild. These consequences
include the threat posed to the survival of native species in the Everglades.
Additionally, scientists and members of the government have initiated a plan to restore
the Everglades to a healthier state of being, called the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration
Plan (CERP). Every year, the Everglades lose some of their water to the coast simply by
draining from the wetlands to the sea. The water loss is more than the ecosystem can keep up
with; urban and agricultural systems suffer from water shortages, too. The CERP will restore a
© 2013 ReadWorks®
, Inc. All rights reserved.
Are the Everglades Forever?
lot of the water by opening up unused dams and filling in old canals to help redirect water flow
back to the wetlands.
So, between focused efforts by scientists and the public alike to help stop invasive species from
taking over and efforts like the CERP to improve the Everglades’ landscape, improvement is
possible. As the Everglades become a more livable environment, it will be easier for species to
recover along with the land. And, as the ecosystem finds a balance, humans will be able to keep
using the land’s resources, both for work and play.

Pair text to answer questions 3 to 4.
3. Why have wetlands been destroyed in the past? Cite two reasons from the article Above

4. Read the paragraph that begins,
"The city of New Orleans, Louisiana..." Based on the information in this paragraph, what caused people to focus more on preserving and restoring the wetlands on the Gulf Coast?

Answer 1

Based on your request, here are the answers to the questions regarding the article "Are the Everglades Forever?"

3. Why have wetlands been destroyed in the past? Cite two reasons from the article above.

Wetlands, including the Everglades, have been destroyed in the past for several reasons:

• The introduction of invasive species, such as pythons and other non-native plants, has disrupted the natural ecosystems, leading to a decline in biodiversity.
• Urban and agricultural development has contributed to the loss of water in the Everglades, as water drains from the wetlands to the sea, which harms both the ecosystem and human resources.

4. Read the paragraph that begins, "The city of New Orleans, Louisiana..." Based on the information in this paragraph, what caused people to focus more on preserving and restoring the wetlands on the Gulf Coast?

While the specific paragraph from the article is not provided here, it can be inferred that significant events—such as natural disasters or increasing awareness of the ecological and economic importance of wetlands—prompted people to pay more attention to the need for wetland preservation and restoration efforts along the Gulf Coast. These events likely highlighted the vulnerability of coastal ecosystems, leading to a realization of their importance for flood control, water quality, and biodiversity, thus motivating conservation initiatives.