The political philosophy of the Egyptian government throughout its three major dynastic periods (the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom) can be best described as an absolute monarchy.
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Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BC): This period is characterized by the establishment of a centralized state governed by a pharaoh, who was seen as a divine ruler. The pharaoh held absolute power and was considered a god on earth, responsible for maintaining maat (cosmic order) and ensuring the prosperity of the land.
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Middle Kingdom (c. 2055–1650 BC): During the Middle Kingdom, the concept of kingship continued as absolute monarchy, but there was also a shift towards greater administrative organization. The pharaoh maintained significant power but began to emphasize social and economic reforms, reflecting a more bureaucratic approach to governance while still upholding the divine right to rule.
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New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BC): In the New Kingdom, the pharaohs expanded their power and authority further, engaging in extensive military campaigns and monumental building projects. The absolute monarchy was evident in the pharaoh’s role as a military leader, religious figure, and supreme ruler, with the divine right maintained throughout.
Overall, the Egyptian government across these periods exemplified an absolute monarchy, heavily integrated with religious beliefs that positioned the pharaoh as both political and divine authority.
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