Question 2

Question

Write short notes on the following:
(a) How bureaucratic system of management works? (8 marks)
(b) Limitations of scientific management. (10 marks)

Answer 1

(a) The bureaucratic system of management is a hierarchical system where power and authority are centralized at the top levels of an organization. This system is characterized by a strict chain of command, standardized rules and procedures, and clear roles and responsibilities for each employee.

In a bureaucratic system, decisions are made by top-level managers and passed down through various levels of management. This ensures consistency and uniformity in decision-making throughout the organization. Employees are expected to follow the established rules and procedures and perform their duties as prescribed. The system relies on formal communication channels, such as memos and reports, to disseminate information and instructions.

One of the key features of the bureaucratic system is the division of labor. Tasks and responsibilities are divided among different individuals or departments based on their specialized skills and areas of expertise. This enables organizations to achieve efficiency and specialization in their operations.

However, the bureaucratic system also has its drawbacks. It can be slow and rigid, making it difficult for organizations to respond quickly to changes in the external environment. The focus on rules and procedures can also stifle creativity and innovation, leading to a lack of flexibility and adaptability. Additionally, the hierarchical nature of the system can create a sense of power distance, where employees at lower levels feel disconnected from decision-making and are less motivated to contribute their ideas and opinions.

(b) Scientific management, also known as Taylorism, is a management approach that emphasizes the use of scientific methods to improve efficiency and productivity in the workplace. While it has several benefits, it also has limitations.

One limitation of scientific management is that it tends to view employees as mere cogs in the machine, reducing them to their physical movements and tasks. This approach overlooks the importance of the human element in organizations and the potential for employees to contribute beyond their prescribed roles. This can result in employee dissatisfaction and reduced motivation.

Another limitation is the potential for exploitation. Scientific management focuses on maximizing output and reducing costs, often at the expense of employee well-being. This can lead to increased workloads, repetitive tasks, and a lack of consideration for employee health and safety. In extreme cases, it can result in employee burnout and high turnover rates.

Additionally, the principles of scientific management are often seen as applicable only in certain industries or contexts. The methodical approach and emphasis on standardization may not be suitable for organizations that require flexibility, creativity, and adaptability. In such cases, the rigid rules and procedures prescribed by scientific management may hinder rather than enhance performance.

Furthermore, the implementation of scientific management can be challenging and time-consuming. It requires significant investment in training, equipment, and monitoring systems. Small or financially constrained organizations may find it difficult to adopt scientific management practices due to resource limitations.

Overall, while scientific management has contributed significantly to improving efficiency in many organizations, its limitations need to be considered to ensure a more holistic and inclusive approach to management.