Here are the answers to your questions:
Question 11:
Which of the following must happen in order for atoms to bond either ionically or covalently with one another?
Answer: a. The valence shells of all atoms must be filled after the bonding occurs
Question 12:
Geoffrey has the atoms of an unknown element. His experiment concludes that these atoms are electrically neutral. What is the only thing he can say for certain about the atomic structure of the element with this information?
Answer: a. The number of protons and the number of electrons are the same
Question 13:
How many valence electrons are in the element, oxygen?
Answer: d. 6
Question 14:
What trend on the Periodic Table is a measure of how strongly atoms attract bonding electrons to themselves?
Answer: c. electronegativity