Here are the correct answers to your questions:
Question 1:
The key event missing from the New Kingdom military campaigns is:
Hittites and Mitannians in Palestine
Question 2:
The political philosophy of the Egyptian government throughout all three major dynastic periods is:
absolute monarchy
Question 3:
What most people in Egypt did for a job throughout the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms is:
farmer
Question 4:
The key civilization missing from the timeline of major civilizations in Mesopotamia is:
Babylonia
Question 5:
In comparison to how Egyptians altered their environment, Mesopotamians:
The Mesopotamians used a system of dams.
Feel free to ask if you have any more questions!