Question 1 (1 point)

Question

What is the upper most layer of the Earth called?

a
The Mantle
b
The Core
c
The Crust
d
The Stratosphere
Question 2 (1 point)
Match the layer with the primary composition of that layer

Column A
1.
Crust:
Crust
2.
Mantel:
Mantel
3.
Core:
Core
Column B
a.Iron
b.Rocks
c.Silicates
Question 3 (1 point)
Why is all information about the layers of the Earth mainly gathered through indirect methods?

a
The mantle is made of diamond hard material that cannot be broken
b
Environmental regulations prohibit the digging too deep into the Earth
c
The deepest drills have not yet been made long enough to dig through the crust
d
Digging equipment can only dig horizontally, not vertically
Question 4 (1 point)
Why do scientists rely on studying seismic waves for studying the Earth?

a
Scientists intentionally set off seismic waves in order to clear the tunnels of debris they are studying
b
Seismic waves can transmit information about the layers of the Earth by carrying sound to the surface
c
Seismic waves only travel through the mantle and core, so they are the only things that can move that deep in the Earth
d
Scientists cannot directly observe the deeper layers of the Earth, so they must use the waves to gather information about the structure of the interior Earth
Information for your notes

The Earth, like all other planets and stars in the Universe, is divided into layers. The Earth has three main layers

The Crust - The Crust includes the surface and a several kilometers beneath it. The Crust is mainly made of rock and is where all the digging on the Earth takes place. Scientists have not yet been able to dig deep enough to go even more than half the way through the Crust, so all investigations about the Earth's interior must be done indirectly using seismic waves

The Mantle - The Mantle is the layer underneath the Crust. It is divided into 2 parts, the Upper and Lower Mantle. The Mantle is comprised mainly of silicate materials. The heat this far down tends to melt the materials in the Mantle, so the Mantle exists in a semisoild state. The Crust "floats" on this material above it.

The Core - The Core is the innermost layer of the Earth. The Core of the Earth is mainly iron and nickel metals. The Core is constantly moving, which produces huge amounts of friction around it. It is this friction that causes the Core generate the heat in the Earth. This heat is the driving force behind volcanism and other geological effects .

Question 5 (1 point)
What is a rock?

a
A naturally occurring chunk of minerals
b
A large piece of the hydrosphere
c
A dark chunk of hard material
d
A type of geological material that cannot be broken down
Question 6 (1 point)
Which of the following is the process by which sedimentary rock is created?

a
Sediments melt from the heat under the Earth and merge together before cooling and solidifying again
b
Pieces of rock and sediment are compacted together over time by geologic forces
c
Chemical erosion changes the chemical composition of the materials in the rock to make them into new types of rocks
Question 7 (1 point)
What is the scientific definition of 'hardness'?

a
A measure of how hard it is to break something
b
A measure of how likely something is to be able to break through specific categories of metals
c
a measure of how good a material to use for building supplies
d
A measure of how easily a mineral can scratch another mineral or be scratched itself
Question 8 (1 point)
Match the following property of a mineral with that properties definition

Column A
1.
Hardness:
Hardness
2.
Streak:
Streak
3.
Cleavage:
Cleavage
4.
Fracture:
Fracture
5.
Luster:
Luster
Column B
a.A measure of how likely a mineral is to scratch another and to be scratched itself
b.The color of the powder that has been left by the material
c.How a mineral breaks along definite planes
d.How much light a mineral can reflect
e.How a mineral shatters and does not break along definite planes
Question 9 (1 point)
Where are the youngest rocks located?

a
In the lower Mantle
b
Near the top of the crust
c
In the core
d
At the base of volcanic magma
Question 10 (1 point)
While analyzing the rock layers, how do you tell the exact age of a rock?

a
Use radioactive dating methods
b
By counting the layers down
c
By analyzing the chemical composition of the rock
d
By checking the temperature of the magma
Information for your notes

Rocks are clumps of naturally occuring minerals.

Rocks are classified by how they are created

Igneous - Igneous rocks are rocks created by magma that has cooled

Sedimentary - Sedimentary rocks are rocks created by sediments, which are small pieces of rocks, that are compacted and cemented by geological forces

Metamorphic - Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have been changed over many generations by the chemical changes from erosion and weathering effects



Rocks are deposited in layers. The youngest rocks are always on the top layers then over time they get buried under new top layers created. Therefore, you can estimate the age of a rock by which layer it is found in.

If you want a specific age of a rock, you can use radioactive dating techniques to determine the official age of the rocks

Answer 1

Here are the answers to the questions based on the provided information:

Question 1: What is the uppermost layer of the Earth called?

• c. The Crust

Question 2: Match the layer with the primary composition of that layer.

1. Crust: b. Rocks
2. Mantle: c. Silicates
3. Core: a. Iron

Question 3: Why is all information about the layers of the Earth mainly gathered through indirect methods?

• c. The deepest drills have not yet been made long enough to dig through the crust

Question 4: Why do scientists rely on studying seismic waves for studying the Earth?

• d. Scientists cannot directly observe the deeper layers of the Earth, so they must use the waves to gather information about the structure of the interior Earth

Question 5: What is a rock?

• a. A naturally occurring chunk of minerals

Question 6: Which of the following is the process by which sedimentary rock is created?

• b. Pieces of rock and sediment are compacted together over time by geologic forces

Question 7: What is the scientific definition of 'hardness'?

• d. A measure of how easily a mineral can scratch another mineral or be scratched itself

Question 8: Match the following property of a mineral with that properties definition.

1. Hardness: a. A measure of how likely a mineral is to scratch another and to be scratched itself
2. Streak: b. The color of the powder that has been left by the material
3. Cleavage: c. How a mineral breaks along definite planes
4. Fracture: e. How a mineral shatters and does not break along definite planes
5. Luster: d. How much light a mineral can reflect

Question 9: Where are the youngest rocks located?

• b. Near the top of the crust

Question 10: While analyzing the rock layers, how do you tell the exact age of a rock?

• a. Use radioactive dating methods

These answers synthesize information provided in the notes and concepts related to geology and Earth science.