Sure! Here's a study guide for Unit 2 - Atomic Structure in Physical Science:
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What are the three subatomic particles, and where are they located in an atom?
- Answer: The three subatomic particles are protons (positively charged, located in the nucleus), neutrons (neutral, also located in the nucleus), and electrons (negatively charged, located in electron shells or orbitals surrounding the nucleus).
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Which subatomic particles are used to calculate the atomic number? Which subatomic particles are used to calculate the mass number?
- Answer: The atomic number is calculated using the number of protons. The mass number is calculated by adding the number of protons and neutrons together.
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The different rows of the periodic table represent what about the electrons of an atom?
- Answer: The different rows (periods) represent the number of electron shells or energy levels that the atoms have, with each row corresponding to an increasing number of shells.
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What is a bond? What are atoms trying to do when they bond?
- Answer: A bond is a relationship between atoms that allows them to stay close together, formed by the sharing (covalent) or transfer (ionic) of electrons. Atoms bond to achieve a more stable electron configuration, often seeking to fill their outer electron shell.
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Where on the periodic table does it tell you the number of valence electrons an element has?
- Answer: The number of valence electrons can often be determined by the group (column) number of the element in the periodic table. Elements in groups 1 and 2 have 1 and 2 valence electrons, respectively, while groups 13-18 have their valence electrons corresponding to the last digit of their group number.
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The atoms on the periodic table are organized by an increasing number of what?
- Answer: Atoms on the periodic table are organized by increasing atomic number, which is the number of protons in an atom.
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Why are the Noble gases unreactive?
- Answer: The Noble gases are unreactive because they have a full outer shell of electrons, making them stable and not needing to bond with other atoms to achieve stability.
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Where on the periodic table do you find elements that are reactive because they have high electronegativity?
- Answer: The elements that are highly reactive due to high electronegativity are located in the upper right region of the periodic table, particularly the halogens (Group 17).
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Which elements are the best conductors: Metals or nonmetals?
- Answer: Metals are the best conductors of electricity and heat due to their free-flowing electrons.
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Where are nonmetals located on the periodic table?
- Answer: Nonmetals are located on the right side of the periodic table, to the right of the metalloid line, typically starting from Group 14 onward.
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Why is Hydrogen’s Mass Number the same as its Atomic Number?
- Answer: Hydrogen's mass number is the same as its atomic number (which is 1) because it has one proton and no neutrons in its most common isotope.
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Ionic bonds are most likely to occur when the number of valence electrons is close to what numbers?
- Answer: Ionic bonds are likely to occur when the number of valence electrons is close to 1 (for metals, which tend to lose electrons) or 7 (for nonmetals, which tend to gain electrons) to achieve a full outer shell.
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How many valence electrons could an atom of Carbon accept in a bond?
- Answer: An atom of Carbon can accept up to 4 valence electrons in a bond, as it has 4 valence electrons and can form four covalent bonds.
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What compound is present in every –Hydroxyl compound?
- Answer: The –Hydroxyl group (-OH) is present in every hydroxyl compound.
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What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?
- Answer: Polar covalent bonds occur when electrons are shared unequally between atoms, leading to partial charges. Nonpolar covalent bonds occur when electrons are shared equally, resulting in no charge difference across the molecule.
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When using the “ball and stick” drawing method of drawing a compound, which element usually goes in the center of the model?
- Answer: The least electronegative element usually goes in the center of the model when using the "ball and stick" method.
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Which elements are the most reactive and why?
- Answer: The most reactive elements are typically the alkali metals (Group 1) and the halogens (Group 17) because alkali metals have one valence electron that they readily lose, and halogens have seven valence electrons and readily gain one more to achieve stability.
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How do you determine the number of neutrons in an element?
- Answer: The number of neutrons can be determined by subtracting the atomic number (number of protons) from the mass number (rounded to the nearest whole number) of the element.
Feel free to ask if you have any more questions or if you need further clarifications!
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