Two "push" factors that drove immigration around the turn of the century include:
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Poor Living Conditions: Many southern and eastern European immigrants faced inadequate housing and unsatisfactory living circumstances in their homelands, which motivated them to seek better conditions elsewhere.
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Violent Racism: For African Americans in the southern states, the rampant violent racism, including death threats and lynchings, served as a significant push factor that compelled them to leave their homes in search of safety and security.
Two "pull" factors that attracted immigrants during this period are:
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New Job Opportunities: Both European immigrants and African Americans were drawn to northern and eastern cities by the promise of new employment opportunities that could improve their economic situations.
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Political and Religious Freedom: The prospect of political and religious freedoms in the United States appealed to many, encouraging them to migrate in search of a society where they could freely express their beliefs and participate without fear of persecution.