Here’s a matching of the causes to the effects provided:
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Cause: Nomads found new routes across the desert and trade increased
- Effect: Berbers discovered that camels could cover greater distances than other pack animals and could travel up to ten days without water
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Cause: Cultural diffusion occurred with the sharing and combining of cultural ideas and religion
- Effect: Traditional African religions and Islam became very common in early African societies
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Cause: Mansa Musa, leader of Mali, practiced Islam and went on a hajj to Mecca
- Effect: West Africa was also impacted by the spread of Islam
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Cause: The kingdom of Kongo lost control of the slave trade and the Swahili coasts lost its power to extract resources
- Effect: The once powerful African empires continued to be impacted by the European powers not only economically but also by the cultures that they brought with them
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Cause: Swahili is a mixture of Arabic and African languages
- Effect: The East African coast was easily accessible to Arab traders and a lot of evidence still exists today
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Cause: Due to an economy built on exporting salt it allowed places like Timbuktu to import books
- Effect: West African empire made much of their wealth by exporting salt
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Cause: North and South Africa are mainly isolated from one another due to their desert locations and the dense rainforests that exist in central Africa
- Effect: Traders along the Indian Ocean were impacted by the physical geography and stopped in ports
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Cause: As the global economy changed in the 17th century European countries began infiltrating Africa
- Effect: Trade with the Middle East and Africa
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Cause: Many African societies would wear amulets to show that they were Muslim converts
- Effect: Today Christianity is the most practiced religion in Africa
Please note that some effects might be more broadly applicable than others depending on historical contexts, and certain causes/effects might overlap.