The four major chronological categories of Egyptian studies, from earliest to latest, are:
- Prehistoric Egypt (before the unification of Egypt, encompassing the Predynastic period)
- Pharaonic Egypt (the era of the Egyptian dynasties, starting with the Early Dynastic period and continuing through to the Ptolemaic period)
- Hellenistic Egypt (following the conquest of Alexander the Great and leading into the Roman period)
- Roman Egypt (the period when Egypt was under Roman rule)
This sequence reflects the evolution of Egyptian civilization from its earliest beginnings to its integration into the Roman Empire.