Here’s the matching of each natural cause of climate with its corresponding timescale:
- Solar output - Billions of years
- Human activity - 1-10 years
- Changes in earth’s axis and orbit - Thousands of years
- Volcanic eruptions - 1-10 years (though their effects can last longer, their occurrence is typically measured in years, while the immediate impact can be significant)
For a clearer view:
- Solar output: Billions of years
- Human activity: 1-10 years
- Changes in earth’s axis and orbit: Thousands of years
- Volcanic eruptions: 1-10 years (noting the immediate impacts can last longer)
Please note that while volcanic eruptions have immediate impacts measured in a shorter timescale, their longer-term climate effects can persist for years to decades. The main response here refers to the timescale of the events themselves.