Mass media are the methods we use to communicate with large numbers of people at one time. We live in the age of mass media, whether that’s social media, the Internet, television or even advertising. Propaganda is misinformation that is intentionally circulated through mass media with a political agenda. In the past, governments in many different parts of the world, often during times of war, have used everything from newspaper articles to movie previews to disperse propaganda. Propaganda has been used to encourage soldiers to fight under the worst conditions, to instruct civilians to ration their food during wartime, and to convince citizens to hate the enemy. This misinformation has taken form in political cartoons that depict a wartime enemy as animal-like, and in ads or posters that exaggerate the success of a war effort. The authors of propaganda try to convey their political agenda through the messages embedded in their slogans, writing, or art. Propaganda is like a political advertisement with a shaky relationship to the truth.

Question

Nazi Germany showcased the unbelievable power of propaganda. Hitler was a huge proponent of the use of propaganda; writing in Mein Kampf in 1926 that, “Propaganda tries to force a doctrine on the whole people... Propaganda works on the general public from the standpoint of an idea and makes them ripe for the victory of this idea.” After the Nazis seized power in 1933, Hitler quickly established a Reich Ministry of Enlightenment and Propaganda, headed by Joseph Goebbels. The Ministry’s mission was to ensure that Nazi ideas of racism, anti-Semitism, and anti-Bolshevism became popular in Germany. The Nazi message was communicated through art, music, theater, films, books, radio, educational materials, and the press. Through every medium of culture, the German people were assaulted by the message that non-Jewish German people represented a better race, that the Germans had suffered unfairly after World War I, and that this suffering was the fault of “inferior” races. Films portrayed Jews as rat-like creatures that infiltrated societies. Newspapers ran editorials and comics that supported this view. Later, as the Germans began to lose World War II, the Nazis used propaganda to convince ordinary Germans that they were actually still winning and that citizens should continue their support for the war effort.

Nazis used propaganda extensively, but most governments use some form of propaganda. In both World War I and World War II, governments on both sides of the war ran propaganda campaigns to convince citizens to enlist. These campaigns misled citizens by downplaying the horror of war conditions, especially in WWI, and by emphasizing the evils and inhumanity of the enemy. In the decades following World War II, during what was known as the Cold War, both the Soviet Union and the United States ran extensive propaganda campaigns. Both countries sought to convince its citizens of the evil and hypocrisy of the other side. Both governments also sought to convince citizens that measures taken during the Cold War, such as the build-up of nuclear weapons, were worth it.

The battle for people’s minds is as old as history itself. Greek writers often complained of the lies told by their political rivals. In the late 1500s, after England defeated the Spanish Armada, Spain spread word of the exact opposite — that they had achieved a decisive victory over England. Propaganda has been a part of war for as long as humans have been able to spread information, but propaganda is not just a part of history books.

Modern nations like North Korea use propaganda extensively. When the country suffered from extensive famine in the 1990s, the government produced posters that encouraged people to eat only two meals a day for its health benefits. Still, museums in North Korea teach visitors about American atrocities that never occurred. North Koreans are told that their leaders are revered around the world, and that they live in the second happiest country in the world. In North Korea, access to the Internet is restricted to ensure it is more difficult for citizens to access non-government media sources. Because of propaganda, a North Korean’s understanding of history and the world today is radically different than a South Korean’s understanding of those same things.

While governments have historically been responsible for most propaganda, sometimes corporations run campaigns that are similar to propaganda. Non-profit organizations and political campaigns utilize techniques that are similar to propaganda, especially now that mass media has made it possible for them to reach huge numbers of people. This non-governmental propaganda can be anything making a photo go viral to using a blog to spread rumors about opposing political candidates. Anyone who intentionally spreads misinformation for political purposes is disseminating propaganda. New methods of mass communication make it possible for anyone to spread propaganda.

The rise of the Internet has made the creation and sharing of propaganda easier than ever. Publishers who want to generate revenue from advertisements placed on their webpages can run “news” articles with provocative headlines and misleading or incorrect information. Open internet access and social media sharing can help this information spread quickly. Some of these websites are solely motivated by profit; others are interested in spreading false information for ideological reasons. This phenomenon is often referred to as “fake news.” The placement of "fake news" on the internet can be haphazard or unplanned, while propaganda is typically part of a larger strategy by its creator. It is a planned approach to convince citizens of something specific.

Leaders have always and will always battle for the minds of their citizens, or the minds of other people’s citizens. The difference between propaganda and persuasion is that propaganda often doesn’t fight fair in that battle. Although propaganda has historically been a neutral term, it has become more associated with manipulation in the twentieth century. And while the propaganda of one hundred years ago might have taken the form of cartoons, posters, pamphlets, and radio shows, propaganda messages are now conveyed through an increasingly wide range of media as new technologies have been invented.

According to the
article, how has the use
of propaganda
changed over time?
Use evidence from the
text to support your
response.

Answer 1

The use of propaganda has evolved significantly over time, particularly in its methods, scope, and the technologies employed. Historically, propaganda was disseminated through traditional means such as newspapers, posters, and films. For instance, during World War I and World War II, "governments on both sides of the war ran propaganda campaigns" that utilized these conventional forms of media to rally citizens, often downplaying the horrors of war while emphasizing the villainy of the enemy.

With the advent of dedicated ministries, like the Reich Ministry of Enlightenment and Propaganda established by the Nazis in 1933, propaganda became more systematic and organized. The Nazis effectively used varied forms of mass media including art, music, and education to promote their agenda of racism and nationalism, demonstrating how propaganda became integrated into multiple aspects of culture.

In modern times, the rise of the Internet and social media has drastically transformed propaganda's reach and capabilities. The text states that "the rise of the Internet has made the creation and sharing of propaganda easier than ever," allowing for rapid dissemination through articles with sensational headlines, misleading information, and even the viral spread of false information. This change has led to the phenomenon of "fake news," which, while similar to historical propaganda, often lacks the centralized planning and strategy characteristic of earlier forms of propaganda.

Additionally, the text points out that while governments were historically the primary producers of propaganda, today "corporations, non-profit organizations, and political campaigns utilize techniques that are similar to propaganda." This broadening scope indicates a democratization of propaganda, where various actors can now disseminate misinformation for political or ideological purposes.

Overall, propaganda has evolved from traditional, government-controlled methods of communication to a more decentralized and multifaceted phenomenon, particularly through digital platforms, allowing for a wider array of voices and agendas to be represented in the public discourse.