Here's the classification for each statement regarding its relation to the Copernican model:
a. Earth is fixed in a crystalline sphere - Not related (This concept belongs to the Ptolemaic model, not the Copernican model).
b. The sun is the center of the solar system - Related (This is a fundamental aspect of the Copernican model, which posits that the Sun is at the center and the planets orbit around it).
c. The earth is the center of the solar system - Not related (This is a characteristic of the Ptolemaic model, which places Earth at the center).
d. The planets move in perfect circles - Not entirely related (While the Copernican model introduced heliocentrism, it still retained the idea of circular orbits, although later developments would correct this idea to elliptical orbits).
e. The stars are fixed to an outer sphere - Not related (This concept aligns with the Ptolemaic model, which placed stars on a celestial sphere).
In summary:
- a: Not related
- b: Related
- c: Not related
- d: Not entirely related
- e: Not related