The achievements of the ancient Indus Valley civilization can primarily be attributed to their advanced knowledge of farming and geography.
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Farming: The civilization had sophisticated agricultural practices, including the use of irrigation and crop rotation, which allowed them to cultivate a variety of crops such as wheat, barley, and cotton.
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Geography: Their understanding of the geography of the region helped them in selecting prime locations for their settlements along rivers, which facilitated agriculture, trade, and transportation.
While mathematics and weather patterns played roles in their society, the key achievements were most directly linked to their advancements in farming and their geographical context.