"... MALE CHILDREN BORN TO WOMEN WHO SMOKE DURING PREGNANCY RUN A RISK OF VIOLENT AND CRIMIAL BEHAVIOR THAT LASTS WELL INTO ADULTHOOD." CAN WE INFER THAT SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR IN PEOPLE?

Answer 1

First, please do not use all capitals. Online it is like SHOUTING. Not only is it rude, but it is harder to understand. Thank you.

Second, what other variables might correlate with smoking during pregnancy that might influence criminal behavior in the children? For example, does a mother who smokes during pregnancy (knowing the negative effects on the fetus) exhibit a caring attitude toward her children? Does smoking correlate with use of stronger drugs?