1. Imbibition: This is the initial phase of germination where the seed absorbs water. The water softens the seed coat and activates enzymes that break down stored food.
2. Respiration: Once the seed has absorbed water, respiration begins. Respiration is the process by which stored carbohydrates are converted into energy for growth. Oxygen is necessary for respiration, and it is taken in through tiny pores in the seed coat called stomata.
3. Activation of enzymes: Enzymes that were dormant in the dry seed become active and begin to break down complex molecules into simpler forms that the growing embryo can use for growth.
4. Cell growth and division: The embryo starts to grow rapidly during this phase. The cells divide and multiply, which leads to the development of the root and shoot systems.
5. Emergence of radicle: The radicle is the embryonic root, and it starts to emerge from the seed first. It grows downward into the soil, anchoring the plant and absorbing water and nutrients.
6. Emergence of plumule: The plumule is the embryonic shoot, and it emerges above the soil. It elongates and grows upwards, forming the stem and leaves.
7. Photosynthesis: Once the plumule emerges and the seedling is exposed to light, photosynthesis begins. The leaves of the seedling produce chlorophyll, which enables them to capture sunlight and convert it into energy through the process of photosynthesis.
8. Establishment of seedling: The seedling continues to grow, establishing a root system to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, and developing leaves and stems to support the plant's growth and survival.
list down and explain phases of germination
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