To find the decline in Japan's population between 2012 and 2021, we can subtract the population in 2021 from the population in 2012:
Population in 2012: 127.52 million
Population in 2021: 125.3 million
Decline = Population in 2012 - Population in 2021
Decline = 127.52 million - 125.3 million
Decline = 2.22 million
Japan's population declined by 2.22 million people between 2012 and 2021.