The literary technique you are referring to is irony. Here's a breakdown of the different types of irony based on your format:
Term: Verbal Irony
Definition: A figure of speech in which the speaker says the opposite of what they really mean or intends.
Example: Saying "What a beautiful day!" during a storm.
Term: Dramatic Irony
Definition: A situation in a narrative in which the audience knows more about the circumstances or future events than the characters do.
Example: In a horror movie, the audience knows the killer is in the house, but the character does not.
Term: Situational Irony
Definition: A situation in which there is a stark difference between the expected outcome and the actual outcome.
Example: A fire station burns down.
Term: Sarcasm
Definition: The use of verbal irony to mock or convey contempt where one says the opposite of what they really mean, often in a scornful tone.
Example: "Oh, great! Another rainy day!" when you actually dislike rainy weather.
Term: Paradox
Definition: A statement that contradicts itself but may nonetheless be true, often revealing an underlying truth.
Example: "This statement is false."
A paradox can indeed challenge our ideas of how things work and make us reconsider the way we see the world.