The Athenians faced the formidable Spartan army, which was known for its discipline and strength in land warfare, with a strategic approach that capitalized on their own advantages. Instead of engaging in direct confrontations on land, which would have favored the Spartans, the Athenians relied on their powerful naval fleet. They utilized their ships to transport troops, conduct raids along the coastline, and maintain supply lines, effectively avoiding open-field battles that could lead to their defeat.
As for their living conditions, the Athenians experienced significant changes during times of conflict, particularly during the Peloponnesian War. Many city-dwellers sought refuge behind the walls of Athens, leading to overcrowding and strained resources. The influx of people created a tense environment, as food shortages and disease became pressing issues. Despite these hardships, the Athenians' reliance on their naval strength and trade connections allowed them to somewhat mitigate these challenges while also maintaining their cultural and political life amidst the turmoil.
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