In the context of the experiences you listed, conviction is the one that most directly relates to God teaching us about our sinfulness and the futility of living apart from Him. Conviction refers to the Holy Spirit's work in revealing our sins and leading us to recognize our need for God's grace and mercy. It ultimately prompts us to seek forgiveness and to turn back to God.
While other experiences like repentance and sanctification also relate to understanding our sinfulness, conviction is specifically focused on the initial realization and acknowledgment of our need for God.