What is a virus?
A virus is a microscopic infectious agent that can only replicate inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses consist of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) encased in a protein coat known as a capsid. Some viruses may also have an outer lipid envelope. Unlike living organisms, viruses do not possess cellular structures and are not considered cells themselves.
How does a virus reproduce?
Viruses reproduce through a process called viral replication. When a virus infects a host cell, it attaches to the cell’s surface and injects its genetic material into the host. The viral genetic material then hijacks the host cell's machinery to replicate itself and produce viral proteins. Once sufficient viral components are assembled, new virus particles are formed and eventually released from the host cell, often destroying the cell in the process.
Differences between a virus and a cell or multicellular organism:
- Cell Structure: Viruses lack cellular structures; they do not have cytoplasm, organelles, or a cell membrane, which are essential components of cells and multicellular organisms.
- Reproduction: Cells and multicellular organisms can reproduce independently through processes like mitosis or meiosis, whereas viruses cannot replicate on their own and need a host cell to reproduce.
- Metabolism: Viruses do not carry out metabolic processes or respond to stimuli like living organisms do; they are inert outside a host and rely entirely on the host’s cellular machinery for their replication and survival.
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