In space, astronauts don’t have gravity to keep them in place. That makes doing even simple tasks difficult. Gene Cernan was the first astronaut who worked on a task outside a spaceship. He said of the experience, “Every time I’d push or turn a valve, it would turn my entire body at zero gravity. I had nothing to hold on to.” As he worked, Gene Cernan’s heart rate and temperature went so high that his fellow astronauts worried that he wouldn’t survive.

Think about routine tasks that astronauts might need to do inside and outside a spaceship. Choose several tasks, and describe the features the ship and spacesuits should have to account for zero gravity as the astronaut completes the task. Use Newton’s laws of motion in your analysis.

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One task that astronauts might need to do inside a spaceship is to move around. To account for zero gravity, the ship should have handrails and footholds along the walls and ceilings to allow astronauts to move around without floating away. The ship should also have a system of pulleys and weights to help astronauts move heavy objects.

Another task that astronauts might need to do inside a spaceship is to repair equipment. To account for zero gravity, the ship should have a system of magnets and tethers to help astronauts secure themselves and the equipment they are working on. The ship should also have a system of pulleys and weights to help astronauts move heavy objects.

One task that astronauts might need to do outside a spaceship is to repair equipment. To account for zero gravity, the spacesuits should have a system of magnets and tethers to help astronauts secure themselves and the equipment they are working on. The spacesuits should also have a system of pulleys and weights to help astronauts move heavy objects. Additionally, the spacesuits should have a system of handrails and footholds to help astronauts move around without floating away.

In all of these tasks, Newton’s laws of motion should be taken into account. For example, when an astronaut pushes or pulls an object, the object will move in the opposite direction due to the law of action and reaction. This means that the ship and spacesuits should be designed to account for this reaction force.