In Exercises 13–32, determine whether the argument is valid or invalid. You may compare the argument to a standard form, given on page 155, or use a truth table.

Question

x→y
∼ x
∴∼ y
there is suppose to be a line between x and the bottom y.

Answer 1

you can draw no conclusion here.

knowing that x --> y
tells you nothing about what ~x implies