In 3–5 sentences, construct an argument that explains why lichens are necessary during the process of succession to establish a new ecosystem after an extreme disturbance. Make sure to include what lichens do and what happens when they die.(4 points)

Answer 1

Lichens are crucial in the process of ecological succession following extreme disturbances because they are pioneer species that can colonize bare substrates where few other organisms can survive. They play a significant role in breaking down rock surfaces, facilitating soil formation by contributing organic matter as they grow and, subsequently, when they die. As lichens decompose, they enrich the developing soil with nutrients, fostering an environment that allows more complex plant species to establish. This gradual enrichment process sets the stage for a diverse ecosystem to emerge, making lichens essential for initiating and supporting the succession process.