I'm having trouble with this question in my molar mass lab. if you obtain 10 grams of water, sugar, sodium chloride, copper, and Styrofoam will each sample have the same number of particles?

Answer 1

No.
mols = grams/molar mass. Since the molar mass of each of those substances is different then the number of mols must be different. And if the number of mols is different then mols x 6.02E23 will be different for the number of particles. The number of particles (ions) for NaCl will be 2 x mols x 6.02E23.

Answer 2

the short answer is that the heavier molecules will require fewer to make up the 10 grams of mass.