The Amritsar Massacre, which occurred on April 13, 1919, had a profound impact on the Indian independence movement and the perception of British colonial rule in India. The most fitting answer to the effects of the massacre on British colonial rule would be:
d. Indians began demanding India’s independence from British rule.
The massacre, where British troops killed hundreds of unarmed Indian civilians protesting oppressive laws, galvanized Indian public opinion against British rule and significantly increased the demand for independence. It marked a turning point in the Indian independence movement, leading to greater political mobilization and the eventual push for complete independence from colonial rule.