The commissioner and city manager systems of government emerged as reforms during the Progressive Era to address the inefficiencies and political corruption prevalent at the time.
The commissioner system was designed to replace the corrupt political machines with a more efficient form of governance. This system typically involves a small group of elected officials who have both legislative and executive powers, managing different city departments. This arrangement aimed to centralize decision-making and reduce the influence of political corruption by distributing power among elected commissioners.
On the other hand, the city manager system introduced a professional manager who is hired to oversee the daily operations of the city government. This model separates political leadership from administrative functions, allowing for more efficient management and reducing the possibility of corruption. The city council appoints the city manager, who is responsible for implementing policies and managing city departments, thereby streamlining operations and improving overall government efficiency.
Both systems were responses to the challenges posed by corrupt and ineffective governance, seeking to enhance the functioning of local governments in the wake of disasters, such as the 1900 hurricane in Galveston, Texas, which highlighted the need for capable leadership and efficient management in crisis situations.