i) The period from 1961 to 1978

Question

The starting point of the history of the judiciary can be traced back to the Constitution of January
28, 1961, which established the Judiciary spearheaded by the Supreme Court, which was
composed of 5 members appointed by the President of the Republic. Under this Constitution, the
President of the Republic had the power to appoint and dismiss the judges of the Supreme Court.
With the Constitution of November 24, 1962, the Supreme Court was composed of 5
sections:
The Department of Courts and Tribunals.
The Court of Cassation.
The Constitutional Court.
the State Council, and
the Public Accounts Court.
This Supreme Court functioned until it was abolished in 1973 after the military coup,
which suspended all institutions in place, including the Constitution and the Supreme Court.
ii) The period from 1978 to 1994
By the Constitution of December 28, 1978, the President of the Republic was the guarantor of
the independence of the Judiciary and, simultaneously, the President of the High Council of the
Judiciary (HCJ), while the Minister of Justice was the Vice President.
The judges were appointed and dismissed by the President of the Republic upon proposal by the
Minister of Justice after the opinion of the High Council of the Judiciary. The President of the
Republic appointed the members of the High Council.
The Supreme Court, with five sections, was replaced by 4 High Courts, independent of one
another. These were:
the Court of Cassation,
the State Council,
the Constitutional Court (composed of the Court of Cassation and the State Council)
and the Public Accounts Court.
Other ordinary courts were the Court of Appeal, the First Instance Tribunal, and de
Canton Tribunal (Tribunal de Canton). As for specialized courts, these were the court martial and
the High military court. There was also a special court known as "State security Court” (Cour de
sûreté de l'Etat). Translate in kinyarwanda

Answer 1

i) Igihe kuva mu 1961 kugeza mu 1978
Igihe cya mbere mu mateka y'ubucamanza gishobora kubarwa ku Itegeko Nshinga ry’itariki 28 Mutarama 1961, ryashyizeho ubucamanza buyobowe n’Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, rwari ruriho abayobozi 5 bashyirwaho na Perezida w'Igihugu. Muri iri Itegeko Nshinga, Perezida w'Igihugu yari afite ubushobozi bwo gushyiraho no gukuraho abacamanza b’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. Mu Itegeko Nshinga ryo ku itariki 24 Ugushyingo 1962, Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwari rufite ibice 5:

• Ishami ry'Urukiko n'Inama.
• Urukiko rwa Cassation.
• Urukiko rw'Itegeko Nshinga.
• Inama y'Igihugu, hamwe na
• Urukiko rushinzwe Imari.
  Iyi Ntara y’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga yakomeje gukora kugeza mu 1973 nyuma y'ihindagurika ry'ingabo, ryahagaritse inzego zose zari ziriho, harimo n'Itegeko Nshinga n'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga.

ii) Igihe kuva mu 1978 kugeza mu 1994
Mu Itegeko Nshinga ry’itariki 28 Ukuboza 1978, Perezida w'Igihugu yabaye uwurinda ubwigenge bw'ubucamanza, kandi icyarimwe, akaba n’Umuyobozi w’Ihuriro ry'Ubucamanza (High Council of the Judiciary - HCJ), mu gihe Minisitiri w’Ubutabera yabaye visi Perezida.
Abacamanza bashyirwa mu mirimo no gukurwamo n’umukuru w'igihugu ku mwanya w'umuyobozi w'umuryango w'ubucamanza nyuma y'ibitekerezo by'Ihuriro ry'Ubucamanza. Perezida w'Igihugu yashyiraga mu myanya abagize Ihuriro ry'Ubucamanza.
Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, rwari ruriho ibice 5, rwahinduwe n’inkiko z’Ubuhanga 4, zikorana ubwigenge. Izo ni:

• Urukiko rwa Cassation,
• Inama y'Igihugu,
• Urukiko rw'Itegeko Nshinga (rwari ruyobowe n'Urukiko rwa Cassation n'Inama y'Igihugu)
• Urukiko rushinzwe Imari.
  Andi makurikira ni Urukiko rw'Iperereza, Urukiko rw’Itangira, hamwe n’Urukiko rwa Canton (Tribunal de Canton). Ku bijyanye n'inkiko zihariye, harimo urukiko rw'ingabo n’Urukiko rw'Ingabo z’Igihugu. Hari kandi urukiko rwihariye rwitwa "Urukiko rw’umutekano w'igihugu” (Cour de sûreté de l'Etat).