How would you determine if a given compound is acidic, basic or neutral? Also if given a compound, how would you determine if the state is aqueous (without a chart)?

Answer 1

Are you talking about experimentally or knowing in advance without any resources except what you know?
Experimentally you add an indicator to an aqueous solution.

For knowing the state you need to know something about the reaction. Most solid compounds don't react but many will if aqueous solutions are made.

I know this doesn't answer your question exactly but if you follow up with clarification we can flesh this out.