Incan society was organized hierarchically, but within the commoner class, there were structured groups that played distinct roles. The social organization of the Incas can be understood broadly in terms of three main classes: the nobility (or elites), commoners, and slaves.
Among the commoners, there were several subdivisions:
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Agricultural Workers: The majority of commoners were farmers who worked the land. They were tasked with producing crops such as potatoes, maize, and quinoa, which were staples of the Incan diet.
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Artisans and Craftspeople: Some commoners were skilled artisans who made tools, textiles, pottery, and other goods. These individuals would often work within specific communities that would specialize in certain crafts.
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Herders: In areas more conducive to livestock, some commoners were involved in herding llamas and alpacas, which were crucial for transportation, wool, and meat.
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Labor Forces: Commoners could also be conscripted for various labor projects, including the construction of roads, temples, and other large state-sponsored projects. This system was known as mita, where commoners were required to work for a certain period in service to the state.
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Military: Some commoners served in the army, especially during times of expansion or conflict.
Inca society was highly communal, and individuals often worked closely with their neighbors and families within these divisions. The Inca state also organized commoners into fixed communities known as ayllus, which were groups that shared land and responsibilities. Each ayllu worked collectively on communal projects and shared resources such as land, labor, and food.
The Inca's intricate social fabric, along with their systems of mutual support and labor, enabled them to manage their vast empire effectively.
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